Web服务器之Nginx
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2025-10-12
Web服务器之Nginx
一、介绍
Nginx是一款高性能的Web服务器，广泛用于网站搭建。
二、安装
有好多种安装方法，安装包安装、源码编译安装、配置 YUM APT 官方源安装。
2.1 配置官方APT安装
进入官网，点击安装，选择Linux Package，选择对应的Ubuntu系统Debian系统，按照提示一步一步来。
- 按照先决条件，依赖包
sudo apt install curl gnupg2 ca-certificates lsb-release debian-archive-keyring
- 导入官方nginx签名密钥，以便apt能够沿着软件包的真实性
curl https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key | gpg --dearmor \
| sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null
- 验证下载的文件是否含有正确的密钥
gpg --dry-run --quiet --no-keyring --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg
输出应该带有完整的指纹。
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# gpg --dry-run --quiet --no-keyring --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg
pub rsa4096 2024-05-29 [SC]
8540A6F18833A80E9C1653A42FD21310B49F6B46
uid nginx signing key <[email protected]>
pub rsa2048 2011-08-19 [SC] [expires: 2027-05-24]
573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62
uid nginx signing key <[email protected]>
pub rsa4096 2024-05-29 [SC]
9E9BE90EACBCDE69FE9B204CBCDCD8A38D88A2B3
uid nginx signing key <[email protected]>
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#
和下面的官方签名密钥保持一致。
pub rsa2048 2011-08-19 [SC] [expires: 2027-05-24]
573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62
uid nginx signing key <[email protected]>
- 为稳定版
nginx设置仓库
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
http://nginx.org/packages/debian `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
- 主线版本的
nginx仓库
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
- 优先使用
nginx官网提供的软件仓库，而不是ubuntu或debian提供的仓库。
echo -e "Package: *\nPin: origin nginx.org\nPin: release o=nginx\nPin-Priority: 900\n" \
| sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/99nginx
- 安装
sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx
- 启动
systemctl enable --now nginx
2.2 配置官方YUM 安装
进入官网，点击安装，选择Linux Package，选择对应的RHEL红帽系，按照提示一步一步来。
- 安装依赖，
yum-utils
sudo yum install yum-utils
- 编辑文件
/etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo
[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true
[nginx-mainline]
name=nginx mainline repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true
- 默认使用稳定版本，如需切换到主线版本
sudo yum-config-manager --enable nginx-mainline
- 安装
sudo yum install nginx
[root@centos9 ~]# sudo yum install nginx
nginx stable repo 22 kB/s | 54 kB 00:02
Dependencies resolved.
===================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
==================================================================================================
Installing:
nginx x86_64 2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx nginx-stable 1.0 M
Transaction Summary
==================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 1.0 M
Installed size: 3.4 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
nginx-1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64.rpm 132 kB/s | 1.0 MB 00:07
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 132 kB/s | 1.0 MB 00:07
nginx stable repo 9.8 kB/s | 12 kB 00:01
Importing GPG key 0xB49F6B46:
Userid : "nginx signing key <[email protected]>"
Fingerprint: 8540 A6F1 8833 A80E 9C16 53A4 2FD2 1310 B49F 6B46
From : https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Importing GPG key 0x7BD9BF62:
Userid : "nginx signing key <[email protected]>"
Fingerprint: 573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079 A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62
From : https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Importing GPG key 0x8D88A2B3:
Userid : "nginx signing key <[email protected]>"
Fingerprint: 9E9B E90E ACBC DE69 FE9B 204C BCDC D8A3 8D88 A2B3
From : https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1
Installing : nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Thanks for using nginx!
Please find the official documentation for nginx here:
* https://nginx.org/en/docs/
Please subscribe to nginx-announce mailing list to get
the most important news about nginx:
* https://nginx.org/en/support.html
Commercial subscriptions for nginx are available on:
* https://nginx.com/products/
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Verifying : nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64
Complete!
[root@centos9 ~]#
- 启动
systemctl enable --now nginx
2.3 验证启动
# 法一，看端口
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# netstat -tlnp |grep nginx
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 20400/nginx: master
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 20400/nginx: master
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#
# 法二，看服务状态
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Sun 2025-10-12 07:03:36 UTC; 14min ago
Docs: man:nginx(8)
Main PID: 20400 (nginx)
Tasks: 3 (limit: 14231)
Memory: 3.2M
CPU: 23ms
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
├─20400 "nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on;"
├─20401 "nginx: worker process" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ""
└─20402 "nginx: worker process" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ""
Oct 12 07:03:36 sg-oracle-2c12g-01 systemd[1]: Starting A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server...
Oct 12 07:03:36 sg-oracle-2c12g-01 systemd[1]: Started A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server.
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#
2.4 测试访问
需放行80端口，或关闭防火墙
# 红帽系 防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld
# debian 系防火墙
systemctl stop ufw
三、基本使用
3.1 配置文件
3.1.1 整体配置文件
默认配置文件夹在 /etc/nginx，主配置文件是 nginx.conf ，它内部引用配置目录 conf.d/。
# ubuntu 22.04 nginx官方源
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# ls -l /etc/nginx/
total 64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 06:33 conf.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1125 May 30 2023 fastcgi.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1055 May 30 2023 fastcgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2837 May 30 2023 koi-utf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2223 May 30 2023 koi-win
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3957 May 30 2023 mime.types
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 22 12:46 modules-available
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 modules-enabled
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1447 May 30 2023 nginx.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 180 May 30 2023 proxy_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 636 May 30 2023 scgi_params
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 sites-available
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 sites-enabled
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 snippets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 May 30 2023 uwsgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3071 May 30 2023 win-utf
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#
# centos9，nginx官方源
[root@centos9 nginx]# ls
conf.d fastcgi_params mime.types modules nginx.conf scgi_params uwsgi_params
[root@centos9 nginx]#
# centos7 阿里云EPEL源
[root@centos7 nginx]# ls -al
total 84
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Oct 12 15:23 .
drwxr-xr-x. 81 root root 8192 Oct 12 15:23 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Nov 11 2022 conf.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Nov 11 2022 default.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1077 Nov 11 2022 fastcgi.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1077 Nov 11 2022 fastcgi.conf.default
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1007 Nov 11 2022 fastcgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1007 Nov 11 2022 fastcgi_params.default
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2837 Nov 11 2022 koi-utf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2223 Nov 11 2022 koi-win
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5231 Nov 11 2022 mime.types
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5231 Nov 11 2022 mime.types.default
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2336 Nov 11 2022 nginx.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2656 Nov 11 2022 nginx.conf.default
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 636 Nov 11 2022 scgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 636 Nov 11 2022 scgi_params.default
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Nov 11 2022 uwsgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Nov 11 2022 uwsgi_params.default
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3610 Nov 11 2022 win-utf
[root@centos7 nginx]#
3.1.2 主配置文件解读
egrep '^[ ]*#|^$' -v /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
[root@centos9 conf.d]# egrep '^[ ]*#|^$' -v /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log notice;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}
[root@centos9 conf.d]#
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;包含子配置文件
3.2 最小配置文件部署站点001
创建新网站，在conf.d 目录下新建子配置文件，
mkdir -p /www/wwwroot/web-server-01
vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/web-server-01.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name web-server-01.域名;
access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
location / {
root /www/wwwroot/web-server-01;
index index.html;
}
}
cat > /www/wwwroot/web-server-01/index.html << EOL
Hello World!
EOL
nginx -t
# 配置文件没问题
# nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
# nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
nginx -s reload
3.3 部署方式
3.3.1 基于IP
server {
listen 1.1.1.1:80;
server_name web-server-01.域名;
access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
location / {
root /www/wwwroot/web-server-01;
index index.html;
}
}
3.3.2 基于端口
server {
listen 8080;
server_name web-server-01.域名;
access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
location / {
root /www/wwwroot/web-server-01;
index index.html;
}
}
3.3.3 基于域名
server {
listen 80;
server_name web-server-02.域名;
access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
location / {
root /www/wwwroot/web-server-02;
index index.html;
}
}
四、常见配合
4.1 LNMP
Linux + Nginx + MySQL/Mariadb +PHP
4.2 LAMP
Linux + APache + MySQL/Mariadb +PHP
五、封面图
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